Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Example Pdf - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2324 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Critical essay Level High school Tags: Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Did you like this example? What are the implications for a firm that does not conduct CSR? Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is often mistaken for a 21st century buzz phrase when in fact it has been part of the business lexicon for decades. While some argue that the concept dates back to the Industrial Revolution, the first substantive work was written by Peter Drucker in his 1954 book The Practice of Management. Despite the passage of time, there is still no universal definition of CSR. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Example Pdf" essay for you Create order Corporate Social Responsibility, what it is and how it is implemented, is different depending upon the country a business operates within, the regulatory system they are answerable to and even the industry within which they work. These complications aside, it is necessary to fix on well-rounded definition of CSR in order to critically discuss the concept in this paper. The definition offered by the International Organization for Standardization will be used, as it is general in nature and applicable to most businesses, regardless their country of operation: â€Å"Social responsibility is the responsibility of an organisation for the impacts of its decisions and activities on society and the environment, through transparent and ethical behaviour that: contributes to sustainable development, including the health and the welfare of society takes into account the expectations of stakeholders is in compliance with applicable law and consistent with international norms of behaviour; and Is integrated throughout the organization and practised in its relationships.† (International Organization for Standardization, 2010) They one weakness in this definition is the proposition that CSR is about compliance with applicable law. In Dahlsruds (2008) analysis of 37 CSR definitions, he identified five critical dimensions. The first dimension is the environment and its consideration in business operations and the second is the social dimension which covers businesses taking into account their impact on society. Both of these dimensions are central to our working definition. The third dimension identified is the economic dimension which looks for a commitment to integrating CSR into business operations is also present as is the fourth dimension which related to how businesses should manage all stakeholder groups in a socially responsible manner (Dahlsrud, 2008). The final dimension, voluntariness, is what is missing from the ISO definition. Dahlsrud (2008) defines voluntariness as businesses making decisions and undertaking activities that are above what is legally required whereas the ISO definition (International Organization for Standardization, 2010) states that mere compliance is acceptable. It is argued that merely complying with the law is better described as good corporate governance and not of itself an act of corporate social responsibility (Ashley and Crowther, 2012; Bà ªnabou and Tirole, 2010). Central to the CSR debate is the notion of how society defines the role of business, and the resulting responsibilities. The classic roles and responsibilities assigned to business are to harness capital and other resources in production, to provide employment and meaningful jobs, to conduct research, development and innovation, to provide goods and services for sale, to create wealth for shareholders, employees, customers and society at large. (Fitzgerald and Cormack, 2011) These core, growth and profit motivated responsibilities do touch on some dimensions of CSR, but comparing these to the responsibilities endowed by CSR shows the amount of change necessary to mov e towards a socially responsible business model. One extreme of the CSR debate, often referred to as the neo-classical or traditional conflict approach (Redman, 2005), argues that the only social responsibility of business is to increase profits (Friedman, 1970). The other end of the spectrum is what Redman terms the â€Å"true believers† (2005, 78) approach to CSR. This is where a firm has environmental and social commitments in place that are not profit motivated. However, true corporate altruism is rare with evidence suggesting that organisations are more likely to adopt an ‘enlightened self-interest approach to CSR (Porter and Kramer, 2006). This is an approach that ties socially responsible activities to profit making activities (Redman, 2005). Enlightened self-interest has been one of the driving forces behind corporate responsibility in relation to the environment and utilization of scare resources. Inputs to production, from raw products to fossil fue ls, are becoming scare and businesses have needed to adapt to these changes or risk extinction (Ashley and Crowther, 2012). So while environmental impacts are now of greater concern to business, it could be argued that this is more the survival of the business than a deliberately socially responsible endeavor (Ashley and Crowther, 2012). At the same time, society now holds greater expectations of the business community (Scherer and Palazzo, 2011). With higher levels of education (for the most part) and thus knowledge, there is less of a tendency to believe the rhetoric of business. Ashley and Crowther argue that customers are not looking for perfection of business practices, but â€Å"the do expect honesty and transparency† (2012, pg.3). The rise and rise of social media has also created a fast and ubiquitous means for people to call businesses to account for (perceived) socially irresponsible acts (Fitzgerald and Cormack, 2011). The media also has the ability to p rovide focus and extensive coverage on businesses who have engaged in dubious practices (Fitzgerald and Cormack, 2011). Companies who use third world (often slave) labour are being named and shamed, and forced to reassess their supply chain practices (Ashley and Crowther, 2012). Despite these inroads, the last decade has seen examples where self-regulation and responsible corporate behaviour have failed spectacularly (Lynch-Wood et al, 2009), causing such events as the Global Financial Crisis. Few, if any, parts of society remain unaffected by these events. The response by policy makers and legislators has been swift and punitive. The net result being greater compliance and reporting requirements across most organisations and industries. Now there exists little distinction between what would have been considered a CSR organisation and one that practices good corporate governance (Money and Scheper, 2007; Mason and Simmonds, 2014). It would be disingenuous to deny that th e CSR movement has not had a positive impact on the business community. However, the overwhelming amount of progress in socially responsible action has been sparked by the depletion of natural resources and the need for businesses to diversify operations, changes in society and societal expectations of business and government legislative response to corporate failings. Being socially responsible is now just good business, an essential component of operational and strategic decision making (Porter and Kramer, 2006). Whichever way it is has been achieved, there are consequences that still exist for organisation that do not conduct CSR. Both the perception and reality of company performance can be enhanced by adopting CSR. Some pundits argue the payoff is long term, others argue that there is no payoff at all (McWilliams et al, 2006). Above profitability, there are a number of risks organisations face if they do not engage in CSR behaviour. It should be noted that the followin g is not an exhaustive list, merely the ones with the greatest potential impact. Reputational damage has always been a key outcome of socially irresponsible business activities (Walker and Dyck, 2014). Reputation can be defined as the aggregate perception of an organisations internal and external stakeholders (Walker and Dyck, 2014) and represents a firms single greatest intangible asset. Once reputation is lost, or at least impacted significantly, it is difficult to get back. Changes to the speed with which reputation damaging information can spread is also of concern to socially irresponsible organisations as it is much more difficult to hide or deny wrong doing (Ashley and Crowther, 2012).Further to this, Walker and Dycks (2014) research showed a positive correlation between a firms reputation and those with corporate social responsibility. Employee engagement and attracting talent appears to go hand in hand with socially responsible corporate practices (Bhattacharya e t al., 2008). The global economy has been described as a ‘knowledge economy (Fitzgerald and Cormack, 2011), with the greatest corporate assets residing in the intellectual endeavor of staff. Bhattacharya et al. (2008) also argue that CSR is a way for a firm to show their values in practice and thereby emotionally engaging employees to achieve all of the organisations goals. Engaged staff, at all levels of the business, are crucial to complete in a market place that is increasingly saturated by products and services. Differentiating the offering of one business from another (Servaes and Tamayo 2013) is becoming more difficult to achieve, but CSR related activities provide a point of product differentiation. Environmentally sounds goods (such as recyclable plastics) and Fairtrade food stuffs (such as coffee) are two examples of familiar products that have been differentiated by organisations acting in a more socially responsible manner. Firms who fail to innovate in th is way will become followers instead of leaders, and potentially impact their profitability (Blowfield and Murray, 2008). Smarter product and service development needs to start with managers and leaders thinking outside their traditional product and service offerings (Blowfield and Murray, 2008). The move to a more socially responsible business imperative has opened up new markets and opportunities within which an organisation can expand and prosper (Porter and Kramer, 2006). Those organisations closed to CSR will miss these opportunities and run the risk of being left behind. Even if opportunities are identified, access to capital may become increasingly difficult for non-CSR firms. With the rise of Socially Responsible Investment, organisations that do not engage in CSR can limit their access to capital and hence, their growth potential (Porter and Kramer, 2006). Furthermore, organisations run the risk of greater regulatory intervention if they do not change to more soci ally responsible ways. The recent trend towards regulation of business activities has highlighted the fact that if governments and policy makers identify failures in self-regulation, they are more than willing to step in and regulate business behaviour (Lynch-Wood et al, 2009). Legislation changes and compliance requirements are both restrictive and costly to organisations. If organisations fail to go above and beyond the current compliance requirements, they risk more being imposed on their activities (Bà ªnabou and Tirole, 2010). These risks all have the potential to significantly impact an organisations profitability and in extreme cases, long-term survival. These considerations also should be cause enough for businesses to reconsider their default position on CSR initiatives. Whatever the short-comings of the CSR movement, and the ideologically motivated debates about definition, society and the global economy are radically changed. Being socially responsible is now the only way to do business. Corporate Social Responsibility is a sounds business concept, but long fought debates around its definition have reduced the impact that it may have had on the business community. The fact remains that even if organisations conduct themselves in a socially responsible manner, there is some level of profit-motivated self-interest underpinning these decisions. The greatest headway in moving (forcing?) organisations to be more socially responsible has been societal and environmental changes external to the firm. Global industry and populations have led to the degradation of raw materials and fossil fuels which has made it necessary for many industries to reconsider how they do business. Sustainable development has become core to business operations in most sectors and is now more a case of good business practice than falling under the CSR banner. Society has also seen the impact that business has on their natural environment and communities in ge neral, and is now willing and capable of calling organisations into account for irresponsible, unethical behaviour. In summary, forces external to the organisation have had a greater influence in moving organisations towards the CSR ideal than the CSR movement itself. Regardless of how more socially responsible business practices are achieved, the change is positive and widespread. Substantial risk still remains for those businesses who do not adopt CSR practices. The implications include reputational risk, the inability to attract and retain staff and the possibility of increased regulation. Failing to embrace CSR also has the potential to impact the long-term suitability of an organisation, reducing access to capital, missing opportunities for growth and the failure to differentiate your brand from the rest of the pack. The conclusion being that being socially responsible is no longer optional, it is simply the way good business is done. References Ashley, P. and Crowther, D. (2012), Territories of social responsibility. 1st ed. Farnham, Surrey, England: Gower. Bà ªnabou, R. and Tirole, J. (2010), Individual and Corporate Social Responsibility. Economica, 77: 1–19. Bhattacharya, C.B., Sankar, S., Korschun, D., (2008), â€Å"Using Corporate Social Responsibility to Win the War for Talent†, MIT Sloan Management Review, (https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/using-corporate-social-responsibility-to-win-the-war-for-talent/) Blowfield, M. and Murray, A. (2008), Corporate Responsibility: a critical introduction, OUP. Dahlsrud, A. (2008), How Corporate Social Responsibility is Defined: an Analysis of 37 Definitions†, Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 15 (1), pp 1-13. Drucker, P. (1954), The Practice of Management, Allied Partners, New York. Fitzgerald, N. and Cormack, M. (2011), The Role of Business in Society. An Agenda for Action, Joint Initiative by the Conference Board, Harvard University CSR Initiative and the International Business Leaders Forum on behalf of the Clinton Initiative. ( https://www.hks.harvard.edu/m-rcbg/CSRI/publications/report_12_CGI%20Role%20of%20Business%20in%20Society%20Report%20FINAL%2010-03-06.pdf ) Friedman, M. (1970), â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits†, The New York Times Magazine, September 13, 1970, pp 122-126. International Organisation for Standardization 2010, Guidance Standard on Social Responsibility (ISO 26000). Lynch-Wood, G., Williamson, D. and Jenkins, W. (2009), â€Å"The over-reliance on self-regulation in CSR policy†, Business Ethics: A European Review, 18 (1), pp 52-65. Mason, C., and Simmons, J. (2014), â€Å"Embedding Corporate Social Responsibility in Corporate Governance: A Stakeholder Systems Approach†, Journal of Business Ethics, 119, pp 77-86. McWilliams, A., Siegel, D.S., and Wright, P.M. (2006), â€Å"Corporate Social Responsibility: Strategic Implications†, Journal of Management Studies, 43 (1), pp 1-18. Money, K. and Schepers, H. (2007), Are CSR and Corporate Governance Converging? Journal of General Management, 33 (2). Porter, M.E., and Kramer, M.R.(2006), â€Å"Strategy and Society: The Link Between Competitive Advantage and Corporate Social Responsibility†, Harvard Business Review, December 2006, pp 78-93. Servaes, H. and Tamayo, A. (2013), â€Å"The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Firm Value: The Role of Customer Awareness†, Management Science,59,(5), pp. 1045–1061. Redman, E., (2005), â€Å"Understanding the Corporate Social Responsibility Continuum†, LBJ Journal of Public Affairs , 18, pp 72-84. Walker, K. and Dyck, B. (2014), The Primary Importance of Corporate Social Responsibility and Ethicality in Corporate Reputation: An Empirical Study, Business and Society Review,119 (1), pp 147–174.

Setting Analysis of the Story a Rose for Emily - 1007 Words

An analysis of the setting of â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner’s William Faulkner is one of the greatest writers of the twentieth century. Although he was born in New Albany, Mississippi in 1897 he moved to Oxford, Mississippi before his fifth birthday. Faulkner belonged to a once-wealthy family of former plantation owners (eNotes.com, Inc., 2012). He spent his boyhood hunting and fishing in and around Lafayette County (eNotes.com, Inc., 2012). William Faulkner based most of his stories and characters closely to his life and the ones that had the greatest influence in his life. The South’s historical legacy is what Faulkner often wrote his novels based on and that it what helped him gain recognition. Faulkner moved around to†¦show more content†¦Although it shows the old social order of how things were during that time period it also shows us how it is slowly dying. Townspeople probably had a hard time adjusting to the death of the old social order but felt it was necessary instead of trying to hold on and stay true to the old w ays. Characters as well as the setting both set the tone for the story and the change that was taking place. Emily although didn’t embrace change still longed for companionship since the death of her father. After being controlled by her father her whole life she now felt she needed to be in controlled. Even though Homer represented modernity and industrialization she enjoyed his companionship. Homer brought innovation to the rapidly changing world of this Southern town. Emily’s macabre bridal chamber is an extreme attempt to stop time and prevent change, although doing so comes at the expense of human life (SparkNotes Editors). Emily’s house also represents alienation, mental illness, and death (Larinde). It is a shrine to the living past, and the sealed upstairs bedroom is her macabre trophy room where she preserves the man she would not allow to leave her (Shmoop University, Inc., 2012). Emily stays firmly planted in a subjective realm of time, where life moves on with her in it but she stays committed, regardless, to the past (SparkNotes Editors). Reference Page eNotes.com, Inc..Show MoreRelatedA Rose for Emily889 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary Analysis for â€Å"A Rose for Emily† Sometimes a Rose is Not a Rose: A Literary Analysis of â€Å"A Rose for Emily† In the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, written by William Faulkner, the negative impact of Emily’s upbringing by an overprotective father, leads to incredible pattern in her life and the obvious mental illness that takes over as she not so graciously ages. 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In Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† and Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† the setting is raised to the symbolic level. When the outside portrayal does not correspond to what is happening inside the characterRead MorePlot Analysis of a Rose for Emily1257 Words   |  6 PagesPlot Analysis of â€Å"A Rose for Emily, A Silent Shell† â€Å"In this world, nothing is certain but death and taxes.† This quote by Benjamin Franklin is a mirror to Emily’s story as it begins with her death and then the reader is abruptly brought into the tax remission she received after the death of her father. This interesting yet confusing vignette is about a girl named Emily Grierson and her inconsiderate relation with the town, a man she loved, Homer Baron, and her Father. For Readers of Faulkner

Solutions and summary to chapter Essay Example For Students

Solutions and summary to chapter Essay The team owners initially obtain the rights to players through and annual draft that is used to allocate new players among the teams in the league. They also can obtain the rights to players by purchasing them room another team. Players do not like this process and often argue that they should be free to negotiate with all teams in the sporting league. In this case, they would be free to play for the team that offers the most desirable contract. Owners argue that his change in rights would have a negative effect on the distribution of talent across teams. We will write a custom essay on Solutions and summary to chapter specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In particular, they argue that all the good players would end up on rich, media center teams such as NY or LA (because the teams can pay higher salaries. ) The inequity of players across teams would make the sport less interesting to fans and thus destroy the league. Do you think the owners argument is correct? Explain. I believe the owners argument is correct. If all good players were in the same team or distributed among the two richest teams, this or these teams would always win amusement for consumers. 3-13. Locust Hill Golf Club is a private country club. It charges an initiation fee of $23,000. When members quit the club, they receive no refund on their initiation fees. They simply lose their membership. Salt Lake Country Club is also a private golf course. At this club, members Join by buying a membership certificate from a member who is leaving the club. The price of the membership is determined by supply and demand. Suppose that both clubs are considering installing a watering system. In each case, the watering system is expected to enhance the quality of the golf course significantly. To finance these systems, members would pay a special assessment of $2,000 per year for the next three years. The proposals will be voted on by the memberships. Do you think that the membership is more likely to vote in favor of the proposal at Locust Hill or for the one at Salt Lake country club? Explain. Locust Hill Club members have a greater power of acquisition compared to the embers of Salt lake Club, since membership at Salt Lake is determined by the market. Nevertheless, there are probably less members at Salt Lake than at Locust since Salt Lake members have to wait for a member to leave in order to enter the club while Locust Hill members Just have to pay an initiation fee to enter. In this case, Salt Lake might be a more exclusive club, but it really depends on the pressure exerted by supply and demand so it cant actually be determined. Due to this probable exclusivity of members at Salt Lake, the membership would probably vote in favor of Salt lake Club, whose members are more involved in club activities and desire to have a better club. Members at Locust Hill wont leave the club since they would lose $23,000 on leaving and therefore if they dont have a watering system they would still be members. Members at Salt Lake without a watering system might consider selling their memberships and therefore the prices of these memberships would lower. 3-17. Two men, Robinson Crusoe and Friday, have been marooned separately on the same deserted island. There are two activities each man can undertake to obtain DOD: fishing and gathering coconuts. Robinson Crusoe can catch 40 fish per hour or gather 10 coconuts per hour. Friday can catch 10 fish per hour or gather 8 coconuts per hour. Answer the following questions: a) Who is more efficient in each activity? .ubd3540fc106be967921c87d2c9c4e5fd , .ubd3540fc106be967921c87d2c9c4e5fd .postImageUrl , .ubd3540fc106be967921c87d2c9c4e5fd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubd3540fc106be967921c87d2c9c4e5fd , .ubd3540fc106be967921c87d2c9c4e5fd:hover , .ubd3540fc106be967921c87d2c9c4e5fd:visited , .ubd3540fc106be967921c87d2c9c4e5fd:active { border:0!important; } .ubd3540fc106be967921c87d2c9c4e5fd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubd3540fc106be967921c87d2c9c4e5fd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubd3540fc106be967921c87d2c9c4e5fd:active , .ubd3540fc106be967921c87d2c9c4e5fd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubd3540fc106be967921c87d2c9c4e5fd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubd3540fc106be967921c87d2c9c4e5fd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubd3540fc106be967921c87d2c9c4e5fd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubd3540fc106be967921c87d2c9c4e5fd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubd3540fc106be967921c87d2c9c4e5fd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubd3540fc106be967921c87d2c9c4e5fd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubd3540fc106be967921c87d2c9c4e5fd .ubd3540fc106be967921c87d2c9c4e5fd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubd3540fc106be967921c87d2c9c4e5fd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Marcel Duchamp EssayCould either or both of them benefit from meeting and deciding to form a trading relationship? Explain intuitively. Intuitively, Robinson is more efficient in both activities: fishing and gathering coconuts. Since Robinson can handle both activities allocating part of his time to fishing and other part of his time to gathering coconuts, he doesnt need help and Hereford will not benefit from a trading relationship. Friday needs the trading relationship because he is not as efficient in any of the activities as Robinson. In the case that Friday helped out Robinson and they formed a trading agreement, he fish the other half. B) Robinson and Friday have not yet met. Robinson is working 2 hours a day and producing (and consuming) 48 fish and 8 coconuts (note: the fish are very small. ) Friday is also working 2 hours a day, but he is producing and consuming 15 fish and 4 coconuts. Now assume that Robinson and Friday meet and develop a trading relationship. Come up with a production and trading scheme such that they can each work the same amount per day as before, but each is better off than before. Provide specific numbers to show how they are better off. The way to obtain more fish and coconuts working together is for Robinson to solely fish during two hours per day and for Friday to solely gather coconuts for two hours a day, yielding 48 fish and 4 coconuts for each of them. 3-18. Suppose that annual demand in the U. S. Market for ice cream cones can be expressed as SQ = 800 + 0,21 loop, where SQ is the number of cones demanded in lions of cones, I equals average monthly income in dollars, and P is the price in dollars per cone. Supply can be expressed as SQ = 200 + 1 APP (with the same units for quantity and price. ) a) Graph the demand and supply curves for ice cream cones, assuming that the average monthly income is $2,000 and solve for equilibrium and quantity. The equilibrium of the market is given at a price of $4 per ice cream cone and a quantity supplied and demanded of 800 ice cream cones. B) Now assume that average monthly income drops to $750 and supply is unchanged. Draw the new demand curve on the same graph as used above and love for the new equilibrium price and quantity. How would you describe the shift in demand intuitively? The equilibrium of the market is now at a price of $3 per ice cream cone and a quantity supplied and demanded of 650 ice cream cones. The Demand curve shifted to the left, indicating less quantity demanded and the supply curve remained the same. At the price of $4, when the average monthly income was of $2,000, the quantity of ice creams cones demanded was of 800, while when the income lowers to $750 at this price the quantity demanded of ice creams is of 550 ice cream cones.

Tax Return Position Paper free essay sample

Tax laws come from several sources and each source has a particular amount of rein over the laws conducted. Sources, such as the IRC, have a defined amount of say in the laws and the consequences. The way a law is interpreted and applied is also a very large part of tax law. Tax research is how tax laws are defined and followed for individual facts (Anderson, Pope Kramer 2010) Sources of Tax Law The primary and secondary sources of tax law are the Internal Revenue Code, United States Tax Court, United States district courts, Court of Federal Claims, federal ircuit courts, United States Supreme Court, Treasury Regulations, Internal Revenue Bulletin, Revenue rulings, Revenue Procedures, Notices, Announcements, Private Letter Rulings, Technical Advice Memoranda, BNA Tax management portfolios, and Law of Federal Income Taxation (Anderson, Pope Kramer 2010). The Internal Revenue Code, Title 26 of United States Code, was first created in 1939 and was redefined in 1954. We will write a custom essay sample on Tax Return Position Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Changes made to the IRC replace old information so it is always currently defined what the laws are. This is the main source of tax law. Treasury Regulations are decisions made which can illustrate the IRC. There are proposed, temporary, and final regulations. Proposed regulations are proposed but not made final, temporary regulations are the process of making a proposal final, and have less authoritative weight, than final regulations which are the final regulation. If laws are undetermined by the IRC and the Treasury Department hearings go to court. U. S. Tax Court, U. S. Court of Federal Claims and U. S district courts are the choices of presenting litigation in which laws are interpreted into rulings and claims can etermine specific facts of the laws and regulations. The U. S. Supreme Court hears important tax claims presented after a loss in the other courts. The Internal Revenue Bulletin list rulings the IRS will use in future cases and ones it will not. Revenue Rulings and Revenue Procedures are listed in this bulletin. Announcements and notices are the posting of a tax act before it is determined proposed, temporary, or legislation (UWE, 2012). Substantial Authority Substantial Authority is when different treatment of the law or the consequence is applicable. The IRS makes rulings that are not as authoritative as Treasury Regulations and court cases. These IRS rulings do not have to be followed if there is substantial authority in one of the main sources of tax law such as the IRC, court cases and proposed, temporary, and final regulations. If found the individual is liable for the tax, there is no penalty, but there is retroactive interest involved (Tarlton Law, 2009). Interpretation and Application A tax law starts the legislation process in the House of Representatives. A proposal is formed into a bill that goes the House of Ways and Means Committee that y the full House of Representatives. After approval of the House of Representatives the bill goes to the Senate Finance Committee and if passed is voted on by the full Senate. Tax Return Position Paper free essay sample Position Tax law was established in order to govern tax transactions and events. The primary source of tax law is the internal revenue code, which was established in the year 1939, and has been revised multiple times since then. In addition to information regarding company income tax, employment tax, and other pertinent tax options. The legislative process is also a primary source of tax law, which is initiated in the House of Representatives, where new tax bills can be proposed. Once a proposed bill makes it to the House of Representatives, they can vote to decide whether or not to incorporate the proposed tax bill. Treasury regulations can help with the understanding of the application of internal revenue code provisions. As a secondary source of tax law, citations to treasury regulations are used in order to substantiate propositions and help locate underlying authority. Administrative pronouncements, such as revenue rulings and letter rulings, pertain to consequences issued in relation to tax transactions and tax practice. We will write a custom essay sample on Tax Return Position Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Judicial decisions, which are also significant in reference to tax law, involve decisions made by judges on tax related laws and their subsequent consequences. Substantial authority refers to the factor of whether or not a penalty will be applied in the event a taxpayer did not adhere to the guidelines of tax law. Normally, taxpayers would be subject to a penalty if they do not adhere to the tax law according to the internal revenue code, although if there is substantial authority, that penalty would not be incurred. The title of having substantial authority allows for the taxpayer to have special treatment in regards to the tax ruling in question. The courts, as well as the Internal Revenue Service play a major role in the application and interpretation of tax law. It is the duty of the court system to ensure that tax laws are properly applied in relation to litigation claims that may arise into legal matters. Decisions by the court can be exercised via a regular decision or a memorandum decision, both which hold the same authoritative power. The small cases procedure, however, does not hold the same authoritative power as a regular decision and a memorandum decision because the case is not heard by a judge. In the even a tax payer decides to use the small cases procedure, not only is the claim at a maximum of $50,000 for the year, but the case is not heard by a judge, and is instead heard by commissioners. The taxpayer is not required to have an attorney to represent them in order to have their case heard, and the decision is not published like that of a regular decision or a memorandum decision. Some decisions made by the court are able to be appealed. In the event that a taxpayer has requested an appeal, they would be able to do so where the case was originally claimed. IN order to be able to have a case heard by the U. S. Supreme Court, the case must have great importance. If a taxpayer is able to have their case heard in the U. S. Supreme Court, the decision of the court would overrule all other decisions that had been previously made by other courts in the taxpayers’ jurisdiction. The majority of tax court is nationally represented, and does not take into account the location of the place of the businesses involved, nor does it take into account the location of the place in which the residence of the taxpayers or any of the people that are involved in the case. Tax court serves as a uniform entity which provides fair and sound decisions based on the laws and regulations at hand.

Analysis on Lincoln at Gettysburg by Gary Wills essays

Analysis on Lincoln at Gettysburg by Gary Wills essays Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America is an extraordinary piece of literature that has earned much acclaim in general non-fiction. The author of the book is Garry Wills. Garry Wills is an adjunct professor of history at Northwestern University. He has a dignified career as an author and his articles regularly appear in the New York Review of Books. He has received numerous accolades, including the 1993 Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction for Lincoln at Gettysburg and the National Endowment for the Humanities Presidential Medal. Wills rightfully deserves these accolades for presenting an opportunity to contemplate the importance, aspects, and eloquence of the Gettysburg Address, if for no other reasons. This book will stimulate the reader to re-evaluate and understand one of the greatest speeches orated in American history. It was a gruesome battle at Gettysburg, at which even with the victory of the North, neither side left the grounds gloriously. Fifty thousand were dead, wounded, or missing. It was a repellant and suffocating site with the smell of decaying horse and man flesh. It was a place of grotesque reality, a place unlikely to become a symbol of ideals, purpose, and pride. The Governor of Pennsylvania authorized the purchase of a cemetery to bury the soldiers. After its completion, the grounds would deserve to be dedicated and the air to be sweetened. Edward Everett, a man that could captivate and spellbound audiences, seemed to be the competent speaker for the consecration. President Lincoln was invited to orate, but he was asked specifically to only deliver limited remarks. Although the main speaker would still be Everett, it was Lincoln that uttered the words vital for the American people to devour. With his compelling rhetoric, Abraham Lincoln not only freshened the air of Get tysburg, he purified the sinful and compunctious atmosphere of American history. He manifested an altered&q...

Claude monet Haystacks painting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Claude monet Haystacks painting - Essay Example The essay "Claude monet Haystacks painting" discovers the art of Claude Monet. By the time Monet was done he had accomplished the artistic analysis of 25 different scenes that were from different timelines. The artist made it a point to capture details as per different times and with different weather. The end result was a model that was admired by his peers at the time and even many years to come. The subject that he chose was also an interesting one that many artists may have ignored before but that in which Monet saw a great potential to create a series of paintings. The background of the haystacks states that they are large and talk stacks that are normally located within Normandy region in France so as to emphasize the beauty of the countryside. They functioned majorly as storage facilities with the purpose of preserving the harvest, especially wheat until the time the wheat could be distinctively separated from the chaff and the stalk. These stacks were more common in the 19th century and further survived for close to a hundred years before the discovery of combined harvesters and other machines that could do the separation faster and with advanced technology. The stacks were basically common in Giverny where Monet’s home was located. Monet noticed the subject when he was taking a casual walk after which he requested that two canvases be brought to him by his step daughter so that he could sufficiently capture different weather conditions. Monet realized that he needed more than just two canvases.... painted realistic depictions which were eventually revised in a studio with the aim of generating contrast and to preserve harmony within the painting series. (Hayes, 1990: pg22) The first painting that I will discuss including the thematic issues involved is the wheat stack end of summer. The common subject all through the series basically utilized an underlying theme of transience of light. this kind of concept played a vital role of enabling Monet apply repetition in such a way that could show nuances in regards to the perception of difference in time, seasons and the differences in weather. This feature made Monet the painter that was the first to work on so many projects under the same subject matter but basically just differentiated by weather, light, perspective and atmosphere. Certain aspects in this painting involved strict documentation of ephemera that were only possible during some restricted durations of time in the day and so the keenness involved in this was captured b y Monet as he could have to wait around for such moments in time to get the real perspective. The painting depicts an accurate use of hue and color to reflect differences in light. This made it possible for the painting to show the ever changing quality of residual light as seen on the haystacks through the manifestation of distinctive coloring as done by Monet. (Charles, 1996: pg 39) The second painting still under scrutiny is that of Morning Snow Effect. This painting completely shows a different season as compared to the others. The painting was done by Monet mostly in the mornings after the harvest whereby snow was seen and so Monet sought to show the difference in capturing the value and texture that would be expected from the snow covered haystacks in the morning. In this painting,

Prevention and Management of Unstable Angina Essay

Prevention and Management of Unstable Angina - Essay Example (NIH, 2011) Unstable angina additionally can happen with or without physical effort, and rest or pharmaceutical may not alleviate the agony. (NIH, 2011)Unstable angina is exceptionally hazardous and obliges crisis medicine. (NIH, 2011) This kind of angina is a sign that a heart assault may happen soon. (NIH, 2011) â€Å"Coronary artery disease due to atherosclerosis is by far the most common cause of unstable angina† (Dugdale, 2012) Atherosclerosis is the development of greasy material called plaque along the dividers of the arteries. This makes the arteries which are the supply routes to get limited and less adaptable. (Dugdale, 2012)The narrowing interferes with blood flow to the heart, bringing on chest pains and discomfort. Individuals with precarious angina are at expanded danger of having a heart attack. (Dugdale, 2012) In the most recent decade, a great deal of data has been aggregated on the measurements of the issue of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and its hazard calculates in Spain. (Marrugat et al, 2002) IHD keeps on being the essential driver of death in men and the third most critical reason for death in ladies, being in charge of 11% and 10% of passing in men and ladies, individually, in 1997. (Marrugat et al, 2002)The frequency of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (number of new cases/100 000 occupants and year) in the Spanish population age 35 to 64 years is among the most reduced in the world and appears to have settled in the last 10-15 years. (Marrugat et al, 2002) This information appears differently in relation to the observation imparted by numerous doctors that the amount of patients being seen for IHD in hospitals is expanding. (Marrugat et al, 2002) This impression is affirmed by the discoveries of hospital dreariness detail, which demonstrate that the amount of patients released alive or perished with the diagnosis of IHD passed from 30 032 in 1977 to 94 124 in 1993. (Marrugat et al, 2002) Hemingway et